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OVERVIEW

What are bladder stones?

Bladder stones are small crystals that form in your urine. They are hard and become trapped in your bladder. Bladder stones comes in all shapes and sizes. They are more common in men.

SYMPTOMS

Symptoms include the following:

• Stomach pain or pressure
• Cloudy or dark-colored urine
• Blood in your urine
• Frequent or painful urination
• Trouble passing urine, start and stop of the urine stream, loss of urine control
• Pain in your penis
• Signs of a urinary tract infection (UTI), which may include fever, pain when urinating, urgency and frequent urination

Not everyone has symptoms. Symptoms are triggered by the movement of the stones. Another trigger is when the stones block the urine from leaving the bladder.

CAUSES

What causes bladder stones?

Bladder stones are formed by minerals in your urine. Common problems that lead to bladder stones include:

• Enlarged prostate
• Blockage at the base of the bladder
• Bladder diverticulum (the bladder lining pokes through a weak part in the bladder wall)
• A urinary tract infection
• Radiation to your pelvis
• Nerve damage
• Bladder surgery
• Cystocele (when a woman’s bladder wall weakens, drops and creates pressure in the pelvic area)
• Not emptying your bladder all the way

Acidic urine can cause bladder stones. Overly concentrated urine can cause bladder stones. A foreign object in your bladder can cause bladder stones.

Kidney stones are not the same as bladder stones. Kidney stones don’t always go away on their own. If they get stuck in the bladder, they can produce new stones.

DIAGNOSIS

How are bladder stones diagnosed?

If you have symptoms, contact your healthcare provider. Your healthcare provider may do a physical exam. They will press on your stomach to see if you are in pain. For men, your healthcare provider may do a rectal exam to check your prostate. Additional tests include:

• A urine test (using a sterile wipe to avoid bacteria)
• Pelvic imaging (CT scan, X-ray, ultrasound)
• Urinary tract imaging (CT scan), which might include a special dye injected into your veins to highlights the stones
• Cystoscopy (inserting a small, flexible tube attached to a camera into your urethra, where urine passes.)

PREVENTION

Can bladder stones be prevented or avoided?

Several factors can help prevent or avoid bladder stones. These include:

• Treat a UTI early.
• Contact your healthcare provider about other medical conditions that cause bladder stones.
• Stay healthy. Drink plenty of water. Avoid food high in fat, salt, and sugar.
• Avoid smoking.
• Avoid illegal drugs.
• Don’t wait to see your doctor when you notice symptoms.

TREATMENT

Some bladder stones (small ones) pass on their own. This happens as you urinate. There may be some pain as they pass. Drink at least 6 to 8 glasses of water each day to increase urination. In most cases, your healthcare provider will need to remove them. The most common way is to use a cystoscope. With this procedure, a healthcare provider will insert a small tube attached to a camera into your urethra. The camera detects the stones. Your healthcare provider uses a laser or ultrasound to break the stones into smaller sizes. Fluids will wash out the remaining pieces. If stones are too large, surgery may be necessary. A surgeon will cut an opening near your pelvis to remove the stones. Surgery requires some form of anesthesia. You might have to stay in a hospital.

Living with bladder stones

After surgery, your healthcare provider will check to make sure all stones are gone. They may repeat tests to confirm. Your healthcare provider also might prescribe medicine to prevent infection.

Your healthcare provider may need to treat the cause of your bladder stones. For example, if your healthcare provider finds a tumor in your bladder, they will check for cancer. Left untreated, bladder stones can cause lasting damage. This includes repeat UTIs or injury to your bladder, kidney, or urethra.