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Most people associate breast abnormalities with breast cancer. However, not all breast disorders are cancerous. There are many benign (non-cancerous) breast conditions.

OVERVIEW

What is a benign breast condition?

A benign breast condition refers to a lump, cyst, or nipple discharge (fluid) of the female or male breast that is not cancerous. For women, the most common ones are:

• Fibrocystic breast changes: Fibrosis feels like scar tissue and can be rubbery and firm.
• Cysts: These are sacs filled with fluid. They may enlarge and feel tender right before your period.
• Fibroadenomas: These are the most common breast lumps in younger women and are usually small.
• Mastitis: Your breast can become enlarged because of infection. This can happen to anyone but usually happens when breastfeeding.
• Fat necrosis: These lumps form when areas of fatty breast tissue are damaged.
• Calcification: Small spots of calcium salts can show up anywhere in breast tissue. Usually, you can’t feel them and they’re not painful.
• Nipple discharge: Your nipples may leak fluid for a variety of reasons.
• Hyperplasia, adenosis, intraductal papilloma, and lipoma: These are made up of mostly fat tissue.

Less common types of benign breast conditions include:

• Atypical hyperplasia: This is an abnormal increase in cell growth in the breast.
• Adenosis: The lobules in your breasts can become enlarged and contain more glands than usual.
• Intraductal papillomas: Small tumors can form in your nipple’s milk ducts.

Female breasts are very complex. They’re filled with glands (organs that produce milk in women who have given birth), fat, and fibrous (connecting) tissue. Within each breast, there are 15 to 20 lobes (small sections) of glands and fibrous tissue.

Men can have breast issues, too, although they’re rare. The most common benign breast condition in men is gynecomastia. This condition causes enlarged breast tissue.

SYMPTOMS

Some benign breast conditions will cause pain. Some will be undetectable unless you feel a lump, or your healthcare provider sees it in a routine mammogram (a test designed to X-ray breasts).

Here are common symptoms of each condition:

• Fibrocystic breast changes: Your breasts will feel lumpy. These lumps are made up of a fibrous, rubber-like, thick tissue, or a fluid-filled cyst.
• Cysts: These are fluid-filled lumps in your breasts that may be tender when you touch them. You may notice they appear and disappear each time you have your period.
• Fibroadenomas: These will feel like a small, round, moving marbles in your breast.
• Mastitis: You may feel a lump. The lump may appear red, warm and painful. People diagnosed with mastitis typically have a fever.
• Fat necrosis: This is a lump that may feel round and hard. It happens when fatty tissue turns hard. It’s common in women who are extremely overweight. Sometimes, these lumps are the result of an injury to your breast. It may be filled with fluid fat.
• Calcification: You may or may not feel these tiny, hard spots. They are due to leftover, hardened calcium deposits in your breast. Eating or drinking too much calcium doesn’t cause it. Most are benign. However, some calcification can be a sign of cancer.
• Nipple discharge: The fluid coming from your nipple may be different colors. A clear or milky color represents a problem with your hormones. If the discharge is green-black, it may represent a blocked milk duct. If the discharge is bloody, it could be related to an injury, infection, or benign tumor. It also can be associated with breast cancer.
• Hyperplasia, adenosis, intraductal papilloma, and lipoma: You will likely feel breast pain and lumps with these less common, benign breast conditions.
• Male gynecomastia: A man’s breast may feel swollen and tender when diagnosed with this condition. Often, though, they may have no symptoms.

CAUSES

What causes benign breast conditions?

Benign breast conditions are caused by a number of factors. Those factors include the makeup of your breasts (fatty tissue vs. dense or thick tissue), your age, and hormone problems. Hormone therapy, birth control pills, pregnancy, menopause, being overweight, infection, and breastfeeding can also cause them. The exact cause can often be traced back to your specific diagnosis.

The male breast condition gynecomastia is caused by a hormone imbalance. It also can be caused by hormone therapy, some diseases, and being severely overweight.

DIAGNOSIS

How is a benign breast condition diagnosed?

You may notice something different about your breast. Sometimes your healthcare provider will detect the problem during a routine exam or screening. When you see your healthcare provider, they may ask questions about what you’re experiencing. Your healthcare provider may ask about your family history of breast cancer and conduct a physical exam of your breasts (with their hands).

Further testing may be necessary to rule out cancer. These tests may involve a mammogram or an ultrasound. Ultrasound technology allows your healthcare provider to look inside your breasts by moving a small wand-like device around the outside of them.

Your healthcare provider may also suggest surgery to remove the lump, or a fine needle biopsy or aspiration. That’s a procedure where a thin needle connected to a syringe is inserted into the lump to remove a sample of tissue or fluid from the lump. Surgery and biopsies are done at a hospital. Your biopsy will be sent to a lab to be examined. All test results will be sent to your healthcare provider.

If the results from a physical exam and fine needle biopsy diagnose the breast condition as benign, a follow-up physical exam should occur in 4 to 6 weeks.

PREVENTION

Can benign breast conditions be prevented or avoided?

Benign breast conditions can’t be prevented or avoided. Your family genes have the greatest impact on your breast health. However, you can lower your risks for certain conditions. For example, if your benign breast condition is due to being overweight, consider losing weight. If it’s due to taking hormones or taking birth control pills, talk to your healthcare provider about other medicine options. In some cases, your healthcare provider may suggest you take birth control pills to reduce a certain type of benign breast condition.

TREATMENT

• Fibrocystic breast changes: Your healthcare provider may recommend you take birth control pills to reduce fluid buildup.
• Fibroadenomas: Since this is often related to the use of birth control pills, your healthcare provider may recommend an alternative birth control method. If the condition is painful, your healthcare provider may surgically remove the lump. If it’s not painful or growing, your healthcare provider may leave it alone.
• Cysts: Your healthcare provider may use a fine needle aspiration to draw out some fluid that is making the cyst painful. If it’s a chronic problem, your healthcare provider may surgically remove the cyst.
• Mastitis: Since this is an infection, your healthcare provider will prescribe medicines, recommend an over-the-counter pain reliever for fever, and suggest applying a warm cloth to the lump to soothe the tenderness.
• Fat necrosis: Usually, fat necrosis doesn’t require further treatment. If it contains fluid (called an oil cyst), your healthcare provider will likely drain the fluid from the cyst with a fine needle aspiration.
• Calcification: Your healthcare provider may look at these tiny, white spots on your mammogram. If the spots don’t look like cancer, they probably won’t do anything else. If they look like cancer, your healthcare provider r may do (or recommend) a surgical or fine needle biopsy.
• Nipple discharge: Treatment will depend on the underlying cause of your nipple discharge (lump, infection, or cancer).
• Hyperplasia, adenosis, intraductal papilloma, and lipoma: Based on your pain and discomfort, your healthcare provider may recommend surgically removing it.
• Male gynecomastia: This doesn’t need to be treated unless it causes pain. Some men choose to have the tissue reduced surgically or with hormones.

Living with benign breast conditions

The pain and tenderness of a benign breast condition can be uncomfortable. Your sleep position and clothing can affect your pain level.

Living with benign breast conditions can be emotionally hard, as well. Many women are worried that a non-cancerous lump will turn into cancer. While that’s not likely, there is a small chance it could happen. Your healthcare provider may recommend regular screenings of your breasts. That might increase your worry and anxiety.